SocratesApology And The Hebrew Bible - 1493 Words

In all religions, there are different structures of authority. It can be the way the system works; people live their lives, or how they view their world. The people in Socrates’ Apology and the Hebrew Bible have different ways of life. The Greek gods and the Hebrew God shape these people’s views, and they live the way their Gods want them to. Socrates’ gods and the Jews’ God give them a sense of authority in how they live and view their world. It evidently shows in Socrates’ Apology while Socrates defends himself in court, and in the books of the Bible when the Jews follow God and how they judge before and after Jesus comes down. Although the Athenians’ and Jews’ lives contrast sharply, the ways they devote themselves to their Gods†¦show more content†¦Socrates never makes people change their beliefs in their gods; he believes he is merely telling the truth to everyone he meets. However, the Athenians think it is unforg ivable that Socrates does not believe in the same gods and speaks his mind. On the other hand, the Hebrew God is the only God in charge of everything. God has a son named Jesus, who came down to Earth to save the people on it. Jesus gives people more chances and forgives them. God does not need humans to continue being powerful. In fact, God wants to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah because â€Å"The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so grievous that I will go down and see if what they have done is as bad as the outcry that has reached me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Genesis 18:20). The Hebrew God does not put up with sinful people. He does not need a bunch of individuals on Earth if they do not believe and obey him. Unlike the judges in court with Socrates, Jesus is merciful. The teachers of the law and the Pharisees bring a woman who committed adultery to Jesus. They ask him if they should stone her to death since Moses commands it in his Law for women like her. Jesus says that if they are without sin, they may throw a stone at her. As a r esult, they all leave her alone with Jesus, and he tells her that he does not condemn her, and now she should go and leave her life of sin (John

Ethics Of Science The Ethical Dilemma Of The Films ...

Ethics of Science The central ethical dilemma of many of the films and stories we looked at this semester hinged on the question of whether or not man should employ his knowledge of genetics and science to engineer or revive a species that had become extinct, usually due to natural processes. As a science major myself, it was interesting to explore these themes and the scenarios presented in each individual piece of literature. Questionable ethics run rampant in stories such as Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Jurassic Park. â€Å"None but those who have experienced them can conceive of the enticements of science. In other studies you go as far as others have gone before you, and there is nothing more to know; but in a scientific pursuit there†¦show more content†¦He is in constant refusal of responsibility, and ends up essentially plaguing not only his life, but also the lives around him. After constructing and animating the creature, he’s in a flux never end ing negative emotions. The creation gets turned into a monster both physically and mentally. Frankenstein describes the horrors that come along with scientific experimentation, and the pursuit of science unavoidably leading to tragedy. The novel presents insights that are just as valid today as when the novel was written in the 19th century. Dr. Frankenstein makes a scientific breakthrough in his creation of the monster, but at what cost? This novel shows us the dangers of attempting to find something we are simply unprepared to manage. Victor’s urges to truly learn the secret of making life completely blinds him to the consequences of achieving such a feat. This book also shows that our ethical (or unethical) actions have the potential to hurt not only ourselves, but also others around us. Frankenstein is a fictional story, however the universal theme of lack of ethics in scientific experimentation can be pulled from this story and applied to modern times. During World War 2, Nazi scientists performed grueling experiments, utterly blinded by what they were doing in a pursuit to learn the secrets of life. Joseph Mengele, infamously known as the â€Å"Angel of Death†, engaged in human

Clinical Reasoning and Treatment Guidelines

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Reasoning and Treatment Guidelines. Answer: Introduction: Clinical reasoning is a mode of judgment of nurses in the managing of patients. In clinical reasoning a couple of significant aspects to be taken into account are clinical diagnosis to find out accurate risk of the patient and clinical judgment to implement suitable management to the patient. It has been proved that effective and efficient clinical reasoning has positive outcome in patients. Clinical reasoning becomes very important aspect of healthcare system because there are increasing evidences of unfavourable patient results. Modern-day learning and teaching techniques are not all the time aid in the improvement of clinical reasoning skills, however it can be acquired through experience. Implementation of clinical reasoning in two priority areas such as impact on ADL performance and increased fall and injury risk in Johann Silvermann are considered in this case of Johann Silvermann (Levett-Jones et al., 2010). Impact on ADL performance: Impact on ADL performance was the first clinical priority considered for Johann Silvermann. Johann Silvermann is suffering with tremors in his hands. As a result, he is facing difficulties in his daily activities such as doing buttons of shirt, tea making, cooking, , and doing shoe laces. Tremors are regular problem in aged patients and as Johann is suffering from Parkinson's disease, it is adding more complications to his tremors. Due to these tremors there can be positive as well as negative functional consequences in case of Johann. Negative consequences can be reflected as helplessness of Johann in performing his daily activities and posstive consequences can be reflected by developing positive attitude and determination to carry out his daily activities with confidence. (Mauk, 2013). Identifying issues : Nurse can play significant role in improving daily activities of Johann by developing physical, psychological and social confidence in him (Levett-Jones et al., 2010). Nurse should take into account that he is living alone as he is denied to go to his brothers home. Nurse should be aware that his economic condition is not sound and he is not in position to have attendant to assist in his daily activities. Nurse should identify his illness and schedule of his daily activities. Nurse should be capable of collecting this information through observation and also should discuss with to collect information. Nurse should make a note of type of problems faced by Johann in current situation and in the past and total duration since he was facing these problems. Nurse should gather information about interests of Johann and particular tasks and mode of assistance he required. This person centred intervention by the nurse, helps in maintaining the comfort level and relaxed co ndition of Johann (Dalton et al., 2015; Levett-Jones et al., 2010). Nurse should take care that there should not be any effect on dignity of Johann while providing nursing care to him. Nurse should make sure that Johann should not feel helpless while assisting in his daily activities and he should lose his self confidence and self esteem in the society and community. After the collection of information about the daily activities of the Johann, nurse should make inference about the particular activities for which he requires help, vital daily task for him, order in which he perform his tasks, any alternative method is there to perform his task which is more comfortable to him, what is change in current activities form his earlier activities, are these activities really beneficial to him and he would feel more relived and relaxed due to planned activities. Nurse should take in confidence Johann about planned activities by demonstrating him planned activities and seeking his opinion on planned activities. This exercise would assist nurse in making final conclusion on type of activities and mode of activities, Johann seeking. This would help nurse to make necessary changes in the plan according Johann suggestions and make this plan more acceptable and suitable to Johann. Goals: Next step for nurse in clinical reasoning of Johann is to establish perfect goals for improvement of Johann. (Brown Shah 2013). Goals should be set to give Johann to seek improvement in performing daily tasks of Johann not only in physical way but also to give him psychological, mental and social advantage to him. These goals should be time bound and these goals should assess improvement of Johann in ascending order. Take action: Support to Johann was extended in the daily activities like movement within the home, clothing, during meals, at the time of toilet use and maintaining personnel hygiene (Cooper, 2013). Decided daily tasks were categorised into independent activities like meals, activities under supervision like movement within the home, activities seeking limited assistance like personnel hygiene and activities seeking extensive assistance like clothing and toilet use. Evaluation: To assess improvement in the daily activities, these activities were evaluated at set predetermined time points like seven days and thirty days. There was improvement observed in the movement within the home, in taking meals, personnel hygiene, however there was no improvement in the clothing and toilet use (Ciro, 2014). Reflection: I was energized and delighted to help Johann in his routine tasks. I understand that care of patient in non-medication mode is demanding than care of patient with medication. It requires lot of experience, expertise and interpreting capability about the exact situation of the patient. These things cannot be acquired in classroom teaching; however your skills can teach things. This experience will definitely help me to take responsibility such type of patients. Fall and injury risk: Fall and injury risk was the second priority area considered for Johann. It has been well established that fall risk is the major problem in aged people like Johann and moreover, Parkinson's disease of Johann is added complication for his fall risk. Without any help, he is living in as two-storey building. Johann has to take care of all his daily tasks without help of anybody and in near past he experienced problem in performing his tasks on his own. Furthermore, while he is living in two-storey building, there are chances of his fall. There can be both positive as well as negative consequences of his fall and injury (Mauk, 2013). In negative impacts owing to the fall, he may have severe injuries, further it can be complicated by remained unnoticed as he is staying alone and suitable treatment not feasible before condition becomes worsened. In terms of positive consequences, Johann can become more alert due to the fall and he can perform all his routine activities more carefully and avoid performing risky tasks . It has been well established from the prior evidences that nursing intervention is the paramount option for the prevention of fall and injury in case of Johann (Dalton et al., 2015). Identifying issues: Nurse should keep in mind that due to his old age and as he is living alone in his two-storey, there is possibility of fall for Johann while performing his routine tasks. Before initiating nursing strategy for fall to Johann, nurse should know about the fall history of Johann and whether he is consuming any medicines which are responsible for his fall. Nurse should collection information about fall condition of Johann by asking him questions and nurse should have keen observation on his movements. Next task for nurse post information collection is to study the evidences form collected information and make inferences about the causes and risk factors of his fall. Nurse should circumvent inappropriate information such as fall occurred due to manual mistakes. Nurse should compare fall reasons of Johann due to natural reasons and manual reasons. Nurse should assess reasons for fall of Johann by applying well established techniques like One-Legged Stance Test (OLST) an d Timed Up and Go (TUG) test (Phelan et al., 2015). From this techniques nurse should acquire information about the fall reasons of Johann in current situation. Based on the information collected information from these tests and from earlier evidences, nurse should interpret that main reason behind fall of Johann in his daily tasks and it is a severe issue in case of Johann. Goals: Directed towards these reasons of fall, nurse should decide some goals for Johann to prevent his fall. These goals should include both medical and non-medical interventions. Take action: Medical interventions include vitamin D administration at high doses and abandonment of or reduced frequency of Parkinson's disease medicines. Exercise or physical training and application of body protectors specifically for joints and hip region are the non-medical interventions for fall in Johann. Nurse should initiate vitamin D administration to Johann at high doses and continued upto one month. Also, nurse should reduce administration rate of Parkinson's disease medicine for one month. Nurse should teach some exercise to Johann and asked him to continue up to one month. Also, nurse asked him to walk daily at least 15 minutes in the front space of his home. Nurse offered him accessories like hip protectors and body protectors. Evaluation: Nurse evaluated each goal at predermined time points and at the end of one month. At the end of one week, there was improvement in the fall of Johann in case of exercise. In case of vitamin D administration, there was small fracture in his elbow in first week, however after that there was no fracture upto completion of one month. Three were two falls in the first week in case of Parkinson's disease medicine withdrawl, however there were no fall after that upto completion of one month. In case of body protector use In case of body protector use, there were two small injuries to Johann in first week, however there were no injuries after that upto the end of one month (Levett-Jones et al., 2010). Reflection: While managing fall and injury condition of Johann, I understand problems of older people and how difficult it is to convince these people to convince them. I learned that it is very important to maintain these peoples self-belief and I succefully achieved this. So, I got confidence on myself also to handle such type of patients in future also. Foe the very first time, I managed a patient both for his physiological and psychological disturbances. For this, I used both medication based and non-medication based interventions. Conclusion: Clinical reasoning was implemented in the two priority areas like impact on ADL performance and increased fall and injury risk in Johann Silverman. In this process of application of clinical reasoning, nurse evaluated both the negative and positive consequences of respective priority areas. Before initiating particular intervention, nurse studied the patient and made inference of his current clinical situation. In doing this process nurse collected all the information related to the patient, analysed it, made rational diagnosis of the condition, identified risk factors, decided nursing intervention goals, discussed with patient, amended these goals according to patient comfort level to maintain patient dignity, implemented nursing intervention tasks with fixed goal, evaluated these goals and analysed the outcome of the nursing intervention in that particular task. It has been concluded that implementation of Millers functional consequences theory of framework and Levett-Jones clinica l reasoning demonstrated positive outcome in the treatment of patient condition. References: Bell, J.S., Blacker, N., Edwards, S., et al. (2012). Osteoporosis-pharmacological prevention and management in older people. Australian Family Physician, 41, 1108. Brown, T. A., Shah, S.J. (2013). Evidence-Based Clinical Reasoning in Medicine. People's Medical Publishing House USA. Cooper, C. (2013). Fundamentals of Hand Therapy: Clinical Reasoning and Treatment Guidelines for Common Diagnoses of the Upper Extremity. (2nd edition). Elsevier. Ciro, C.A. (2014). Maximizing ADL Performance to facilitate aging in place for people with Dementia. Nursing Clinics, 49(2), 157169. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to flip the enrolled nurse curriculum. Australian Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 33(2), 28-34. Levett-Jones, T., Sundin, D., Mark, B., Hague, K., et al. (2010). Learning to think like a nurse. HNE Handover For Nurses And Midwives, 3(1), 15-20. Levett-Jones, T, Hoffman, K., Dempsey, J., Jeong, S.Y., et al. (2010). The 'five rights' of clinical reasoning: an educational model to enhance nursing students' ability to identify and manage clinically 'at risk' patients. Nurse Education Today, 30(6), 515-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2009.10.020. Mauk, K. L. (2013). Gerontological Nursing: Competencies for Care. (3rd edition). Jones Bartlett Learning. Phelan, E.A., Mahoney, J. E., Voit, J. C., Stevens, J.A. (2015). Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Medical Clinics of North America, 99(2), 281293.

Live in free essay sample

22 August 2008 In January 2008, the Supreme Court validated long-term live-in relationships as marriages. A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arijit Pasayat with P Satasivan declared that children born out of such a relationship will no longer be called illegitimate. Law inclines in the interest of legitimacy and thumbs down whoreson or fruit of adultery, the court added. The apex court judgment was followed by similar suggestions from the National Commission for Women (NCW). In June this year, in response to recommendations made by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the NCW sought a change in the definition of wife as described in Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), which deals with maintenance. The NCW recommended that women in live-in relationships should be entitled to maintenance if the man deserts her. Emphasising the need for broadening the definition of wife in the CrPC section, NCW officials said there had been cases where the man led the woman to believe that he was unmarried or was divorced or widowed and went ahead with the formalities required by marriage laws or the custom governing him. We will write a custom essay sample on Live in or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a way of countering this, NCW chairperson Girija Vyas suggested that even if a marriage was not registered, a womans claim would stand if she provided enough proof of a long-term relationship. This underscored the Supreme Courts stand that a man and woman, having lived together for long, would be presumed to have been married, unless it was rebutted by convincing evidence. Equal rights The recent ruling is only the latest in a series of recommendations by various bodies seeking equal rights for the married woman and live-in female partner. A recommendation by the Justice Malinath Committee to the Law Commission of India (2003) stated that if a woman has been in a live-in relationship for a reasonable time, she should enjoy the legal rights of a wife. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) provides protection to women at the hands of their husbands as well as live-in partners, and his relatives. When the law came into force in October 2006, it did not distinguish between the woman who is married and the woman who is in a live-in relationship. The SC ruling in itself has its precedent in a 1927 judgment made by the Privy Council, the Supreme Courts predecessor in pre-independent India. In A Dinohamy v. WL Blahamy, the Council laid down a general principle: Where a man and a woman are proved to have lived together as a man and wife, the law will presume, unless the contrary be clearly proved, that they were living together in consequence of a valid marriage and not in a state of concubinage. The Council made significant additions to the 1927 ruling in 1929 in Mohabhat Ali Vs Mohammad Ibrahim Khan. It said: The law presumes in favour of marriage and against concubinage when a man and woman have cohabited continuously for a number of years. For a live-in couple to be considered validly married, the court wanted evidence of cohabitation for a number of years, without specifying the minimum number of years. In Gokal Chand and Pravin Kumari (1952), the Supreme Court reiterated the 1929 principle. However, it added that though the presumption for a valid marriage between a live-in couple could be drawn from their long cohabitation, it wasnt enough to earn them legitimacy if the evidence of their living together was rebuttable. In this judgment, the apex court refused to recognise a live-in relationship, though the couple had lived together for some years before the pregnant woman decided to live alone with her child born out of a live-in relationship with the man. The rebuttal of a presumption in favour of a valid marriage, in this case, came from the child, who said she did not remember her father ever visiting her or her mother. In Badri Prasad (1978), the Supreme Court recognised a live-in relationship as a valid marriage, accusing the authorities of questioning a relationship 50 years after the couple had begun living together, and were treated as a married couple even by their relatives. The view from the courts A Madhya Pradesh High Court judgment in 1985 dealt with the case of Loli, who had lived for several years with Radhika Singh. Together they had five daughters and a son. The trial court dismissed the case made by Singhs sister-in-law that Loli should not have property rights as she was just a mistress. The sister-in-law had sought her rights over the property, and contended that Loli had started living with Singh even when her first husband was alive, and therefore, there could not be a presumption of valid marriage. But the appellate court set aside the trial courts order, a stand the Madhya Pradesh High Court also agreed with. This brings us to Payal Sharma Vs Superintendent, Nari Niketan, and others, in which a court stated in 2001 that a live-in relationship was not illegal. Sharma had moved the Allahabad High Court to be left to do her own bidding after being forced to live in a Nari Niketan at Agra, following her arrest, along with Ramendra Singh, with whom she had a live-in relationship. The Agra police arrested her and Singh on the basis of an FIR lodged by her father, accusing Singh, an already married man, of kidnapping Sharma. A resident of Kannauj district in Uttar Pradesh, Sharma produced documentary evidence, including her high school certificate, to prove that she was 21 years old. On the basis of this evidence, the court directed the authorities to set her free. Justice M Katju and Justice RB Mishra stated, Petitioner Smt. Payal Sharma appeared before us and stated that she is above 21 years of age, which is borne out from the high school certificate which shows that her date of birth is 10. 7. 1980. Hence she is a major and has the right to go anywhere and live with anyone. In our opinion, a man and a woman, even without getting married, can live together if they wish to. This may be regarded as immoral by society, but is not illegal. There is a difference between law and morality. Thus, a uniform view appears to emerge from the courts, when one looks at the history of cases on the question of live-in relationships. It appears that, by and large, legal sanction for live-in relationships is based on the assumption that they are not between equals, and therefore women must be protected by the courts from the patriarchal power that defines marriage, which covers these relationships too. Shades of grey But such protective sanction raises other questions, notably about the institution of marriage itself, for which there are no easy answers. Supposing a live-in relationship is between a man who is already married with children, and a single woman? In Payal Sharma, Ramendra Singh was a married man with children. Which womans interest should the courts and law protect, and in doing so, can the apparent equality between married and unmarried couples be maintained? Live-in relationships also raise questions about legal stance towards bigamy. In spirit and essence, the Allahabad High Court judgement contradicts the law against bigamy for Hindus, both for men and women, which make it mandatory for a husband or wife to get a divorce before they can marry again. When bigamy is illegal except for Muslims in what sense can a live-in relationship be equal to a marriage, if either the man or the woman is already married? And how is it that a division bench of a High Court is able to pronounce a judgement that openly violates the social, legal and filial implications that bind the husband in a Hindu marriage, which includes living with the wife and children under the same roof? Theres also the question of marriage-like protection for a woman who enters a relationship with someone she isnt married to, by choice or circumstance. Does a female partner need the protection of legal standing equivalent to that of a wife, in a non-married relationship she entered into by choice or circumstance? To marry, or not to marry? Live-in relationships among urban, educated, upper-middle class young people began as a declaration of independence, as a way of keeping away from the shackles of institutionalised marriages. In fact, its a willful rejection of the institution of marriage, of the stereotypes it engenders, and of the restrictions and inequalities it has come to stand for. But, legal sanction granted to a live-in relationship may put it back in the trap that live-in partners sought to evade in the first place. This legal sanction implies that live-in relationships are bound by the same rules of fidelity, commitment and economic stability that marriage is structured in. Social geographer Soma Das says that people who opt for live-in relationships do so because they do not believe in marriage. If live-in relationships are treated on par with marriage, many young men and women may not really like to get into such open relationships. At the other end, ensuring maintenance and giving legal sanction to live-in relationships will not make the position of the female partner equal to that of the wife because social acceptance in Indian society will take a very long time. It still does not have a mindset that accepts the estranged female partner of a live-in relationship. Psychologist Shenaz B Ilavia believes that live-in relationships are still confined to a marginal segment of society which she calls the elite, upper middle class. Theoretically, it may sound like a better proposition than marriage, but very few people actually opt for it. A live-in relationship is not a substitute for marriage, she says.